{"cve":{"cve_id":"CVE-2016-3081","is_kev":true,"kev_date_added":"2026-10-08","kev_vendor_project":"Apache","kev_product":"Struts","kev_vulnerability_name":"Apache Struts Command Injection Vulnerability","kev_short_description":"Apache Struts contains a command injection vulnerability that could allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method:prefix when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled.","kev_required_action":"Apply mitigations in accordance with vendor instructions, ensuring compliance with CISA’s BOD 26-04 Prioritizing Security Updates Based on Risk (see URL in Notes) guidance and CISA’s “Forensics Triage Requirements” (see URL in Notes). Follow applicable BOD 26-04 guidance for cloud services or discontinue use of the product if mitigations are unavailable. Stakeholders are responsible for evaluating each asset's internet exposure and ensuring adherence to BOD 26-04 patching guidelines.","kev_due_date":"2026-10-11","kev_known_ransomware":false,"kev_notes":"This vulnerability could affect an open-source component, third-party library, protocol, or proprietary implementation that could be used by different products. For more information, please see: https://cwiki.apache.org/confluence/display/WW/S2-032 ; ; BOD 26-04: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; Forensics Triage Requirements: https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/directives/bod-26-04-implementation-guidance-prioritizing-security-updates-based-risk ; https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2016-3081","kev_cwes":["CWE-77"],"epss_score":0.96052,"epss_percentile":0.99877,"epss_as_of":"2026-10-15","description":"Apache Struts 2.3.19 to 2.3.20.2, 2.3.21 to 2.3.24.1, and 2.3.25 to 2.3.28, when Dynamic Method Invocation is enabled, allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary code via method: prefix, related to chained expressions.","published_at":"2016-04-26T14:00:00Z","last_modified_at":"2026-10-09T14:43:05.703000Z","cvss_v3_score":8.1,"cvss_v3_vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","cvss_v3_severity":"HIGH","cvss_v4_score":null,"cvss_v4_vector":null,"cvss_v4_severity":null,"ssvc_decision":null,"ssvc_exploitation":null,"ssvc_automatable":null,"ssvc_technical_impact":null,"cwes":["CWE-77"],"nvd_references":["http://www.securitytracker.com/id/1035665","https://struts.apache.org/docs/s2-032.html","http://www.huawei.com/en/psirt/security-advisories/huawei-sa-20160527-01-struts2-en","http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpujul2016-2881720.html","http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/cpuoct2016-2881722.html","http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/linux/http/struts_dmi_exec","https://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/39756/","http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/91787","http://packetstormsecurity.com/files/136856/Apache-Struts-2.3.28-Dynamic-Method-Invocation-Remote-Code-Execution.html","http://www.securityfocus.com/bid/87327","http://www.rapid7.com/db/modules/exploit/multi/http/struts_dmi_exec"],"vuln_status":"Analyzed","trending_score":null,"is_trending":false,"has_trended":true,"trended_number_one":false,"trending_peak_score":0.6728936,"trending_peak_rank":2,"started_trending_at":"2026-10-08T21:38:59.302782Z","trended_number_one_at":null,"summary_generated":null,"summary_generated_at":null,"summary_model":null,"created_at":"2026-06-24T00:09:39.878444Z","updated_at":"2026-10-18T05:04:18.215972Z"},"effective_severity":"HIGH","badges":["kev","exploit","epss"],"impact_analysis":[],"cvss_v3_decoded":{"version":"3.1","metrics":[{"metric":"AV","name":"Attack 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